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''Tygodnik Powszechny'' ((:tɨˈɡɔdɲik pɔˈfʂɛxnɨ), ''The Catholic Weekly'') is a Polish Roman Catholic weekly magazine, published in Kraków, which focuses on social and cultural issues. It was established in 1945 under the auspices of Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha. Jerzy Turowicz was its editor-in-chief until his death in 1999. He was succeeded by Adam Boniecki, a priest. Its publication was suspended in 1953 after it refused to print Joseph Stalin's obituary; new editors representing a pro-government association took it over until 1956. After the Polish October, the former editors were allowed to resume control. ==History== Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha helped found the weekly magazine, and the first edition of ''Tygodnik Powszechny'' was published on 24 March 1945, in the closing months of World War II. Initially, the editorial staff consisted of four people: Jan Piwowarczyk, a priest; Jerzy Turowicz (editor-in-chief for many years), Konstanty Turowski and Maria Czapska. Later they were joined by Zofia Starowieyska–Morstinowa, Stefan Kisielewski, Leopold Tyrmand, Antoni Gołubiew, Paweł Jasienica (until he was arrested by the Communists in 1948), Stanisław Stomma, Hanna Malewska and Józefa Golmont–Hennelowa. In 1953, the weekly was closed and lost its printing house after it refused to print the obituary of Joseph Stalin, powerful leader of the Soviet Union. From 1953 to 1956, it was published by the pro-government PAX Association and informally known as ''Tygodnik Paxowski''. The same format was used and numbering was continuous during this period, although none of the previous editors worked for the Association paper. After the "Thaw" of 1956, the original editors were able to resume control of ''Tygodnik Powszechny'' in December 1956. Columnists have included prominent clerics, such as Karol Wojtyła (who became Pope John Paul II), academics and poets, journalists and other writers, including Władysław Bartoszewski, Jerzy Zawieyski, Jacek Woźniakowski, Stefan Wilkanowicz, Adam Szostkiewicz, Leszek Kołakowski, Stanisław Lem, Zbigniew Herbert, Tadeusz Kudliński, and Czesław Zgorzelski. Czesław Miłosz published his poems in ''Tygodnik Powszechny'' for many years. In 1945, he prepared a hand-written volume of poems called ''Wiersze pół-perskie'' for Jerzy Turowicz, the editor. Forced into exile in the United States, Miłosz continued to publish in ''Tygodnik Powszechny.'' After he received, the Nobel Prize, it was the only magazine in which Miłosz published his poems. In the late 1950s, the newspaper became affiliated with the officially recognized political party Znak, which was newly organized in the wake of the Thaw. When Znak helped establish the Solidarity movement, Father Józef Tischner, one of the writers of the Krakov edition, became its chaplain. After martial law was declared, the magazine suspended its publication for several months. Since 1982, ''Tygodnik Powszechny'' has been published continuously. When Karol Wojtyła was elected as pope, ''Tygodnik Powszechny'' became the most popular vehicle for John Paul II’s teachings in Poland. For a long time, it was the only magazine in the world to have gained an interview with the new pope, which it published 3 August 1980. In the 1980s, the magazine informally represented the Polish democratic opposition. It was sometimes regarded as the only legal oppositional magazine in the People’s Republic of Poland (PRL). In 1987, it published a controversial essay by Jan Błoński, "The Poor Poles Look at the ghetto" (“Biedni Polacy patrzą na getto”), exploring historic relations between Catholic and Jewish Poles, and the experiences of the Holocaust in World War II. Since the 1990s, a part of the church hierarchy has criticized ''Tygodnik Powszechny'' for what they consider its overly liberal outlook. (It does not reflect the parochial distribution of the magazine). In 1998, Maria Zmarz-Koczanowicz produced the documentary, ''Ordinary Kindness'' (''Zwyczajna dobroć''), telling the story of editor Jerzy Turowicz. In 1999, following the death of Jerzy Turowicz’s death, Father Adam Boniecki became the chief editor. In April 2007, the ITI Group purchased 49 per cent of the magazine. Since 5 December 2007 ''Tygodnik Powszechny'' has been published in a smaller size. The format and editorial staff were also changed. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tygodnik Powszechny」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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